Vineyard Management and Its Impacts on Soil Biodiversity, Functions, and Ecosystem Services

Healthy soils form the basis of sustainable viticulture, where soil characteristics have a direct impact on wine quantity and quality. Soil not only provides water nutrients to vines, but is also living medium containing micro- macroorganisms that perform many ecological functions provide ecosystem services. These organisms are involved in processes, from decomposing organic matter providing minerals vine roots. They control diseases, pests, weeds, addition improving structure terms its capacity retain nutrients. Related decomposition carbon content vineyard influences fertility, erosion biogeochemical cycles, with significant implications for global climate. However, common agricultural practices represent strong threats biodiversity associated services provided by soils. As consumers increasingly consider environmental aspects their purchase decisions, winegrowers adapt management strategies, raising demand pest- weed-control methods. This article presents comprehensive review impacts ecosystem, biodiversity, biodiversity-based services, future prospects viticulture.